ENGINEERING SURVEY -(1)- Topics- DEFINITION, OBJECTIVES, CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING.

 ENGINEERING SURVEY 

  #1

∆ DEFINITION OF SURVEYING:

•What is Surveying? 

=> Surveying is the an of determining the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance, direction and elevation.

∆ OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING:

1. To take measurements for determining the location of existing ground features.
2. To mark the positions of objects w.r.t. assumed datum.
3. To calculate the related quantities like areas and volumes.

∆ PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF SURVEYING:

1. Plane Surveying : Plane Surveying is that type of surveying where curvature of earth is neglected. Here all the triangles formed by the survey lines are considered as plane triangles. In regions where survey has to be done, if distances less than 18.5km and area less than 250km² , Plane Surveying is preferred. Plane Surveying is less accurate.
2. Geodetic Surveying : In Geodetic Surveying curvature of earth is considered. In area larger than 250 km² Geodetic Surveying is done. Geodetic Surveying is more accurate.

∆ CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING :

  

  A) BASED ON NATURE OF THE FIELD SURVEY:

1) Land Surveying :   

i) Topographical Surveys :  This consists of horizontal and vertical location of certain 

points by linear and angular measurements and is made to determine the natural features 

of a country such as rivers, streams, lakes, woods, hills, etc., and such artificial features 

as roads, railways, canals, towns and villages.

ii) Cadastral Surveys : Cadastral surveys are made incident to the fixing of property lines, the calculation of land area, or the transfer of land property from one owner to another. They are also made to fix the boundaries of municipalities and of State and Federal jurisdictions.

iii) City Survey : They are made in connection with the construction of streets,water supply systems, sewers and other works.

 

2) Marine or Hydrographic Survey :  Marine or hydrographic survey deals with bodies of water for purpose of navigation, water supply, harbour works or for the determination of mean sea level. The work consists in measurement of discharge of streams, making topographic survey of shores and banks, taking and locating surroundings to determine the depth of water and observing the fluctuations of the ocean side. 

3) Astronomical Survey. The astronomical survey offers the surveyor means of determining the absolute location of any point or the absolute location and direction of any line on the surface of the earth. This consists in observations to the heavenly bodies such as the sun or any fixed star. 

(B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE OBJECT OF SURVEY 

(1) Engineering Survey. This is undertaken for the determination of quantities or to afford sufficient data for the designing of engineering . works such as roads and reservoirs, or those connected with sewage disposal or water supply crust.

 

(2) Military Survey : This is used for determining points of strategic importance.

(3) Mine Survey : This is used for the exploring mineral wealth. 

(4) Geological Survey. This is used for determining different strata in the earth's crust.

 

(5) Archaeological Survey. This is used for unearthing relics of antiquity. 

(C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTRUMENTS USED 

An alternative classification may be based upon the instruments or methods employed, 

the chief types being : 

(1) Chain survey 

(2) Theodolite survey 

(3) Traverse survey 

(4) Triangulation survey 

(5) Tacheometric survey 

(6) Plane table survey 

(7) Photogrammetric survey 

(8) Aerial Survey.

∆ PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING ==>

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