ENGINEERING SURVEY -(2) TOPICS-- PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING

 

ENGINEERING SURVEY  

#2

∆PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING  

The fundamental principles upon which the various methods of plane surveying are based are of very simple nature and can be stated under the following two aspects : 

(1) Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference: 

The relative positions of the points to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at least two points of reference the positions of which have already been fixed. 

(2) Working from whole to part :

The second ruling principle of surveying whether plane or geodetic, is to work from whole to part. It is very essential to establish first a system of control points and to fix them with higher precision. Minor control points can then be established by less precise methods and the details can then be located using these minor control points by running minor traverses etc. The idea of working in this way is to prevent the accumulation of errors and to control and localise minor errors which otherwise would expand to greater magnitudes if the reverse process is followed, thus making the work uncontrollable at the end.

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